Exception Handling

An exception is an event that disrupts the normal flow of a program during execution.

The try-catch statement is Java's primary mechanism for handling exceptions.

A single try block can be followed by multiple catch blocks, each handling a different exception type.

The finally block contains code that must execute regardless of whether the try block completed normally, threw an exception that was caught, or threw an exception that…

The throw statement explicitly throws an exception object, immediately terminating normal execution and initiating exception propagation.

The throws clause in a method signature declares that the method may throw the listed checked exceptions.

A custom exception is a user-defined exception class that extends Exception, RuntimeException, or one of their subclasses.

A checked exception is an exception that the Java compiler requires you to either handle with a try-catch block or declare with a throws clause on the method signature.

An unchecked exception is an exception that the Java compiler does not require you to handle or declare.

Java's throwable hierarchy has two branches under Throwable: Exception and Error.

A stack trace is the recorded sequence of method calls that were active at the moment an exception was thrown.

Try-with-resources is a Java 7 feature that automatically closes resources when a try block exits, whether normally or due to an exception.

Exception propagation is the mechanism by which a thrown exception travels up the call stack when no handler is found at the point of throwing.

Exception chaining is the practice of associating a caught exception with a new exception being thrown, preserving the full causal history of a failure.